Utoto wa sulfide ndi mtundu wa utoto wokhala ndi sulfure wokhala ndi kapangidwe ka molekyulu kovuta. Nthawi zambiri umapangidwa ndi ma amine ena onunkhira, ma aminophenols ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe zomwe zimatenthedwa ndi sulfure kapena sodium polysulfide, kutanthauza kuti, zimasungunuka.
Utoto wa sulfide nthawi zambiri susungunuka m'madzi, ndipo ukapakidwa utoto, umafunika kusungunuka mu sodium sulfide kapena alkaline insurance powder solution kuti uchepetse kutuluka kwa ulusi, kenako n’kuusakaniza kuti uwonetse mtundu pambuyo poti ulusi walowa.
Chidule cha utoto wa sulfure
Utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized wapangidwa kuti ukhale utoto wa ulusi wa cellulose kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira mu 1873, ndipo njira yake yopangira ndi yosavuta, nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi amines onunkhira kapena mankhwala a phenolic osakaniza ndi sulfure kapena sodium polysulfide ndikutenthedwa. Mtengo wotsika, wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, wopanda mankhwala oletsa khansa, wokhala ndi kusamba bwino komanso kusalaza dzuwa, ndi utoto wotchuka. Komabe, chifukwa ndi mtundu wa utoto wosasungunuka m'madzi, ukadaya, umachepetsedwa kukhala mchere wosungunuka wa mandimu mu yankho la alkali sulfide, ulusi wa anthu ukadaya, utatha kusungunuka kuti usasungunuke ukhale wokhazikika pa ulusi, kotero njira yodaya ndi yovuta, ndipo pansi pa mikhalidwe yamphamvu ya alkaline singagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ubweya, silika ndi ulusi wina wa mapuloteni.
Chifukwa chake, utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popaka utoto wa ulusi wa cellulose, makamaka popaka utoto wa zinthu zakuda zopangidwa ndi nsalu za thonje, zomwe mitundu iwiri ya utoto wa Sulfide ndi mtundu wa utoto wokhala ndi sulfure wokhala ndi kapangidwe ka molekyulu kovuta. Nthawi zambiri umapangidwa ndi ma amine ena onunkhira, ma aminophenols ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe zomwe zimatenthedwa ndi sulfure kapena sodium polysulfide, kutanthauza kuti, wopangidwa ndi vulcanized.
Utoto wa sulfide nthawi zambiri susungunuka m'madzi, ndipo ukapakidwa utoto, umafunika kusungunuka mu sodium sulfide kapena alkaline insurance powder solution kuti uchepetse kutuluka kwa ulusi, kenako n’kuusakaniza kuti uwonetse mtundu pambuyo poti ulusi walowa.
Chidule cha utoto wa sulfure
Utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized wapangidwa kuti ukhale utoto wa ulusi wa cellulose kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira mu 1873, ndipo njira yake yopangira ndi yosavuta, nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi amines onunkhira kapena mankhwala a phenolic osakaniza ndi sulfure kapena sodium polysulfide ndikutenthedwa. Mtengo wotsika, wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, wopanda mankhwala oletsa khansa, wokhala ndi kusamba bwino komanso kusalaza dzuwa, ndi utoto wotchuka. Komabe, chifukwa ndi mtundu wa utoto wosasungunuka m'madzi, ukadaya, umachepetsedwa kukhala mchere wosungunuka wa mandimu mu yankho la alkali sulfide, ulusi wa anthu ukadaya, utatha kusungunuka kuti usasungunuke ukhale wokhazikika pa ulusi, kotero njira yodaya ndi yovuta, ndipo pansi pa mikhalidwe yamphamvu ya alkaline singagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ubweya, silika ndi ulusi wina wa mapuloteni.
Chifukwa chake, utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popaka utoto wa ulusi wa cellulose, makamaka popaka utoto wa zinthu zakuda zopangidwa ndi nsalu za thonje, zomwe mitundu yake ndi yosiyanasiyana.wakuda wa sulfurendibuluu wa sulfure
sulfure wakuda bulauni gd sulfure bulauni utoto
mtundu wofiira wa sulfure lgf wofiira
bulauni wa sulfure 10 wachikasu bulauni
sulfure wachikasu 2 ufa wachikasu
sulfure bordeaux 3b sulfure ufa wofiira
ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Chachiwiri, njira yojambulira utoto ya utoto wa sulfide
Utoto wa sulfide umachepetsedwa ndikusungunuka kukhala yankho la utoto, ndipo utoto wa leucochroma womwe umapangidwa umayamwa ndi ulusi wa cellulose ndikuchiritsidwa ndi okosijeni wa mpweya kuti ulusi wa cellulose uwonetse mtundu womwe ukufunidwa. Njira yake yochitira mankhwala ndi
DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Utoto wa sulfide ulibe mgwirizano ndi ulusi, ndipo kapangidwe kake kali ndi ma bond a sulfure (1 S 1), ma bond a disulfide (1 s — S) kapena ma bond a polysulfide (1 Sx 1), omwe amachepetsedwa kukhala gulu la hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) mothandizidwa ndi sodium sulfide reducing agents, ndipo amakhala leucochromic sodium salt wosungunuka m'madzi. Chifukwa chomwe ma leucochromes ali ndi mgwirizano wabwino ndi ulusi wa cellulose ndikuti mamolekyu a utoto ndi akuluakulu, zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu zazikulu za van der Waals ndi mphamvu zomangira hydrogen pakati pa ulusi.
III. Kugawa mitundu ya utoto wa sulfure
Utoto wa sulfide ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi:
1, utoto wa sulfide wa ufa
Kapangidwe ka utoto ka njira yonse: DSSD, nthawi zambiri amafunika kuwiritsa ndi sodium sulfide, kusungunuka pambuyo pogwiritsira ntchito.
2, utoto wa hydrolytic sulfide
Kapangidwe ka utoto ka njira yonse: D-SSO3Na, utoto wamtunduwu umapangidwa ndi sodium sulfite kapena sodium bisulfite pochiza utoto wachikhalidwe wa sulfide, utoto uli ndi magulu osungunuka m'madzi, kotero umasungunuka m'madzi, koma utotowo ulibe zinthu zochepetsera, sugwirizana ndi ulusi, nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto wa suspension pad womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nsalu.
3, utoto wa sulfide wamadzimadzi
Njira yodziwika bwino ya kapangidwe ka utoto ndi iyi: D-SNa, yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ochepetsera, utotowo umachepetsedwa kale kukhala leptochroma yosungunuka.
Isanafike chaka cha 1936, utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized unali mu mawonekedwe a ufa monga momwe umagulitsidwira. Ukagwiritsidwa ntchito, utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized powder unkatenthedwa pamodzi kuti uwiritse ndi yankho lamadzimadzi lopangidwa ndi vulcanized soda aqueous kuti lisungunuke. Mu 1936, John Le Clester wa ku United States adapanga yankho labwino komanso lokhazikika la sulfide, ndipo adapeza patent, yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti utoto wamadzimadzi wa sulfide.
4, utoto wa sulfide wochezeka ndi chilengedwe
Pakupanga, imayengedwa kukhala utoto wothira, koma kuchuluka kwa sulfure ndi polysulfide kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuposa kwa utoto wamba wa sulfide. Utotowu uli ndi chiyero chapamwamba, kutsika kokhazikika komanso kulola kulowa bwino. Nthawi yomweyo, chinthu chochepetsera shuga ndi ufa wa inshuwaransi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu bafa la utoto, zomwe sizingochepetsa utoto wa sulfide komanso zimathandiza kuteteza chilengedwe.
Chachinayi, njira yopaka utoto wa sulfide
Njira yopaka utoto wa vulcanization ingagawidwe m'magawo anayi otsatirawa:
1. Kuchepetsa utoto
N'zosavuta kuchepetsa ndi kusungunula utoto wa sulfide, ndipo sodium sulfide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chochepetsera, chomwe chimagwiranso ntchito ngati chothandizira cha alkali. Pofuna kupewa leucophore kuti isawonongeke, zinthu monga soda ash zitha kuwonjezeredwa moyenera, koma alkaline wocheperako sangakhale wamphamvu kwambiri, apo ayi kuchuluka kwa utoto kudzachepa.
2, utoto womwe uli mu utoto umayamwa ndi ulusi
Leucophore ya utoto wa sulfide imapezeka mu mtundu wa anion mu utoto, imakhala ndi mphamvu yolunjika ku ulusi wa cellulose, imatha kumizidwa pamwamba pa ulusi ndikufalikira mkati mwa ulusi. Katundu wolunjika wa utoto wa sulfure ku ulusi wa cellulose ndi wotsika, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero chochepa cha bafa, pomwe kuwonjezera ma electrolyte oyenera, kutentha kwambiri kumatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa utoto, kusinthasintha, ndi kulowa kwa madzi.
3, chithandizo cha okosijeni
Pambuyo popaka utoto pa ulusi, utoto wa sulfure leuco uyenera kupakidwa utoto kuti uwonetse mtundu womwe ukufunidwa. Kupaka utoto ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pambuyo popaka utoto wa utoto wokhuthala. Utoto wokhuthala mosavuta ukhoza kupakidwa utoto ndi mpweya pambuyo popaka utoto mwa kutsuka ndi kupuma, ndiko kuti, njira yopangira mpweya wokhuthala; Pa utoto wina wa sulfide womwe suli wosavuta kuupaka, zinthu zokhuthala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbikitsa kukhuthala.
4. Kukonza pambuyo
Pambuyo pa chithandizocho pamafunika kuyeretsa, kudzola mafuta, kuletsa kukhuthala kwa utoto ndi kukonza mtundu. Utoto wa sulfure uyenera kutsukidwa bwino utatha kupakidwa utoto kuti uchepetse sulfure yotsala pa nsalu ndikuletsa kukhuthala kwa nsalu, chifukwa sulfure mu utoto ndi sulfure mu alkali sulfide zimakhala zosavuta kuzisakaniza mumlengalenga kuti zipange sulfuric acid, zomwe zimayambitsa hydrolysis ya ulusi wa cellulose ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya kukhuthala kwa ulusi. Chifukwa chake, imatha kuchiritsidwa ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi kukhuthala kwa utoto, monga: urea, trisodium phosphate, fupa glue, sodium acetate, ndi zina zotero. Pofuna kukonza kukhuthala kwa utoto wa vulcanized ndi sopo, utoto ukhoza kukhazikika utatha kupakidwa utoto. Pali njira ziwiri zochizira kukhuthala kwa utoto: mankhwala amchere achitsulo (monga: potassium dichromate, copper sulfate, copper acetate ndi chisakanizo cha mchere uwu) ndi mankhwala a cationic color fixing agent.
wakuda ndi buluu wosungunuka ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Chachiwiri, njira yojambulira utoto ya utoto wa sulfide
Utoto wa sulfide umachepetsedwa ndikusungunuka kukhala yankho la utoto, ndipo utoto wa leucochroma womwe umapangidwa umayamwa ndi ulusi wa cellulose ndikuchiritsidwa ndi okosijeni wa mpweya kuti ulusi wa cellulose uwonetse mtundu womwe ukufunidwa. Njira yake yochitira mankhwala ndi
DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Utoto wa sulfide ulibe mgwirizano ndi ulusi, ndipo kapangidwe kake kali ndi ma bond a sulfure (1 S 1), ma bond a disulfide (1 s — S) kapena ma bond a polysulfide (1 Sx 1), omwe amachepetsedwa kukhala gulu la hydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) mothandizidwa ndi sodium sulfide reducing agents, ndipo amakhala leucochromic sodium salt wosungunuka m'madzi. Chifukwa chomwe ma leucochromes ali ndi mgwirizano wabwino ndi ulusi wa cellulose ndikuti mamolekyu a utoto ndi akuluakulu, zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu zazikulu za van der Waals ndi mphamvu zomangira hydrogen pakati pa ulusi.
III. Kugawa mitundu ya utoto wa sulfure
Utoto wa sulfide ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi:
1, utoto wa sulfide wa ufa
Kapangidwe ka utoto ka njira yonse: DSSD, nthawi zambiri amafunika kuwiritsa ndi sodium sulfide, kusungunuka pambuyo pogwiritsira ntchito.
2, utoto wa hydrolytic sulfide
Kapangidwe ka utoto: D-SSO3Na, utoto wamtunduwu umapangidwa ndi sodium sulfite kapena sodium bisulfite pochiza utoto wachikhalidwe wa sulfide, utoto uli ndi magulu osungunuka m'madzi, kotero umasungunuka m'madzi, koma utotowo ulibe zinthu zochepetsera, sugwirizana ndi ulusi, nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto wa suspension pad womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nsalu.3, utoto wamadzimadzi wa sulfide
Njira yodziwika bwino ya kapangidwe ka utoto ndi iyi: D-SNa, yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ochepetsera, utotowo umachepetsedwa kale kukhala leptochroma yosungunuka.
Isanafike chaka cha 1936, utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized unali mu mawonekedwe a ufa monga momwe umagulitsidwira. Ukagwiritsidwa ntchito, utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized powder unkatenthedwa pamodzi kuti uwiritse ndi yankho lamadzimadzi lopangidwa ndi vulcanized soda aqueous kuti lisungunuke. Mu 1936, John Le Clester wa ku United States adapanga yankho labwino komanso lokhazikika la sulfide, ndipo adapeza patent, yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti utoto wamadzimadzi wa sulfide.
4, utoto wa sulfide wochezeka ndi chilengedwe
Pakupanga, imayengedwa kukhala utoto wothira, koma kuchuluka kwa sulfure ndi polysulfide kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuposa kwa utoto wamba wa sulfide. Utotowu uli ndi chiyero chapamwamba, kutsika kokhazikika komanso kulola kulowa bwino. Nthawi yomweyo, chinthu chochepetsera shuga ndi ufa wa inshuwaransi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu bafa la utoto, zomwe sizingochepetsa utoto wa sulfide komanso zimathandiza kuteteza chilengedwe.
Chachinayi, njira yopaka utoto wa sulfide
Njira yopaka utoto wa vulcanization ingagawidwe m'magawo anayi otsatirawa:
1. Kuchepetsa utoto
N'zosavuta kuchepetsa ndi kusungunula utoto wa sulfide, ndipo sodium sulfide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chochepetsera, chomwe chimagwiranso ntchito ngati chothandizira cha alkali. Pofuna kupewa leucophore kuti isawonongeke, zinthu monga soda ash zitha kuwonjezeredwa moyenera, koma alkaline wocheperako sangakhale wamphamvu kwambiri, apo ayi kuchuluka kwa utoto kudzachepa.
2, utoto womwe uli mu utoto umayamwa ndi ulusi
Leucophore ya utoto wa sulfide imapezeka mu mtundu wa anion mu utoto, imakhala ndi mphamvu yolunjika ku ulusi wa cellulose, imatha kumizidwa pamwamba pa ulusi ndikufalikira mkati mwa ulusi. Katundu wolunjika wa utoto wa sulfure ku ulusi wa cellulose ndi wotsika, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero chochepa cha bafa, pomwe kuwonjezera ma electrolyte oyenera, kutentha kwambiri kumatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa utoto, kusinthasintha, ndi kulowa kwa madzi.
3, chithandizo cha okosijeni
Pambuyo popaka utoto pa ulusi, utoto wa sulfure leuco uyenera kupakidwa utoto kuti uwonetse mtundu womwe ukufunidwa. Kupaka utoto ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pambuyo popaka utoto wa utoto wokhuthala. Utoto wokhuthala mosavuta ukhoza kupakidwa utoto ndi mpweya pambuyo popaka utoto mwa kutsuka ndi kupuma, ndiko kuti, njira yopangira mpweya wokhuthala; Pa utoto wina wa sulfide womwe suli wosavuta kuupaka, zinthu zokhuthala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbikitsa kukhuthala.
4. Kukonza pambuyo
Pambuyo pa chithandizocho pamafunika kuyeretsa, kudzola mafuta, kuletsa kukhuthala kwa utoto ndi kukonza mtundu. Utoto wa sulfure uyenera kutsukidwa bwino utatha kupakidwa utoto kuti uchepetse sulfure yotsala pa nsalu ndikuletsa kukhuthala kwa nsalu, chifukwa sulfure mu utoto ndi sulfure mu alkali sulfide zimakhala zosavuta kuzisakaniza mumlengalenga kuti zipange sulfuric acid, zomwe zimayambitsa hydrolysis ya ulusi wa cellulose ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya kukhuthala kwa ulusi. Chifukwa chake, imatha kuchiritsidwa ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi kukhuthala kwa utoto, monga: urea, trisodium phosphate, fupa glue, sodium acetate, ndi zina zotero. Pofuna kukonza kukhuthala kwa utoto wa vulcanized ndi sopo, utoto ukhoza kukhazikika utatha kupakidwa utoto. Pali njira ziwiri zochizira kukhuthala kwa utoto: mankhwala amchere achitsulo (monga: potassium dichromate, copper sulfate, copper acetate ndi chisakanizo cha mchere uwu) ndi mankhwala a cationic color fixing agent.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-19-2023