Kodi mumadziwa bwanji za utoto wa sulfure?

Utoto wa sulfide ndi mtundu wa utoto wokhala ndi sulfure wokhala ndi mamolekyu ovuta kumveka. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi ma amine onunkhira, ma aminophenols ndi zinthu zina zakuthupi zotenthedwa ndi sulfure kapena sodium polysulfide, ndiye kuti, vulcanized.

Utoto wa sulfide nthawi zambiri susungunuka m'madzi, ndipo popaka utoto, uyenera kusungunuka mu sodium sulfide kapena alkaline inshuwaransi ya ufa wa inshuwaransi kuti uchepetse kutsetsereka, kenako ndi okosijeni kuti uwonetse mtundu pambuyo pa kuyamwa kwa CHIKWANGWANI.

Chidule cha utoto wa sulfure

Utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized wapangidwa kuti udaye ulusi wa cellulose kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira 1873, ndipo kapangidwe kake kamakhala kosavuta, kamene kamapangidwa ndi ma amine onunkhira kapena mankhwala a phenolic osakanikirana ndi sulfure kapena sodium polysulfide ndikutenthedwa. Mtengo wotsika, wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, wopanda matenda a khansa, ndi kuchapa bwino komanso kuthamanga kwa dzuwa, ndi utoto wotchuka. Komabe, chifukwa ndi gulu la utoto madzi-insoluble, pamene utoto, iwo kuchepetsedwa sungunuka mandimu sodium mchere mu alkali sulfide njira, pambuyo utoto ulusi wa anthu, pambuyo makutidwe ndi okosijeni kukhala insoluble boma lokhazikika pa CHIKWANGWANI, kotero kuti utoto ndi. zovuta, ndipo pansi pa zinthu zamphamvu zamchere sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ubweya, silika ndi mapuloteni ena.

Choncho, utoto wonyezimira umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popaka ulusi wa cellulose, makamaka popaka zinthu zakuda za nsalu za thonje, zomwe mitundu iwiri ya utoto wa Sulfide ndi mtundu wa utoto wokhala ndi sulfure wokhala ndi mamolekyu ovuta. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi ma amine onunkhira, ma aminophenols ndi zinthu zina zakuthupi zotenthedwa ndi sulfure kapena sodium polysulfide, ndiye kuti, vulcanized.

Utoto wa sulfide nthawi zambiri susungunuka m'madzi, ndipo popaka utoto, uyenera kusungunuka mu sodium sulfide kapena alkaline inshuwaransi ya ufa wa inshuwaransi kuti uchepetse kutsetsereka, kenako ndi okosijeni kuti uwonetse mtundu pambuyo pa kuyamwa kwa CHIKWANGWANI.

Chidule cha utoto wa sulfure

Utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized wapangidwa kuti udaye ulusi wa cellulose kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira 1873, ndipo kapangidwe kake kamakhala kosavuta, kamene kamapangidwa ndi ma amine onunkhira kapena mankhwala a phenolic osakanikirana ndi sulfure kapena sodium polysulfide ndikutenthedwa. Mtengo wotsika, wosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, wopanda matenda a khansa, ndi kuchapa bwino komanso kuthamanga kwa dzuwa, ndi utoto wotchuka. Komabe, chifukwa ndi gulu la utoto madzi-insoluble, pamene utoto, iwo kuchepetsedwa sungunuka mandimu sodium mchere mu alkali sulfide njira, pambuyo utoto ulusi wa anthu, pambuyo makutidwe ndi okosijeni kukhala insoluble boma lokhazikika pa CHIKWANGWANI, kotero kuti utoto ndi. zovuta, ndipo pansi pa zinthu zamphamvu zamchere sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ubweya, silika ndi mapuloteni ena.

Chifukwa chake, utoto wopangidwa ndi vulcanized umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popaka ulusi wa cellulose, makamaka popaka utoto wakuda wa nsalu za thonje, zomwe mitundu ingapo yasulfure wakudandibuluu wa sulfure

mtundu wa sulfure wakuda wakuda gd sulfur brown dye
mtundu wofiira wa sulfure wofiira LGF
sulfure bulauni 10 mtundu wachikasu wofiirira
sulufule wachikasu 2 ufa wachikasu
sulfure bordeaux 3b ufa wofiira wa sulfure

ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Chachiwiri, njira yodayira utoto wa sulfide

Utoto wa sulfide umachepetsedwa ndikusungunuka kukhala njira ya utoto, ndipo utoto wa leucochroma womwe umapangidwa umapangidwa ndi ulusi wa cellulose ndikuthandizidwa ndi okosijeni wa mpweya kuti ulusi wa cellulose uwonetse mtundu womwe ukufunidwa. Ake chemical reaction chilinganizo ndi

DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3

Kholo la utoto wa sulfide liribe mgwirizano wa ulusi, ndipo kapangidwe kake kali ndi zomangira za sulfure (1 S 1), zomangira za disulfide (1 s - S) kapena zomangira za polysulfide (1 Sx 1), zomwe zimachepetsedwa kukhala gulu la hydrogen sulfide (1). SNa) pansi pa zochita za sodium sulfide kuchepetsa wothandizila, ndi kukhala leucochromic sodium mchere sungunuka m'madzi. Chifukwa chomwe ma leucochromes amalumikizana bwino ndi ulusi wa cellulose ndikuti mamolekyu a utoto amakhala okulirapo, omwenso amapanga mphamvu zazikulu za van der Waals ndi mphamvu zomangira haidrojeni pakati pa ulusiwo.

Iii. Gulu la utoto wa sulfure

Utoto wa sulfide ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi:

1, utoto wa sulfide

Utoto dongosolo General chilinganizo: DSSD, zambiri ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito sodium sulfide otentha, kusungunuka pambuyo ntchito.

2, utoto wa hydrolytic sulfide

D-SSO3Na, mtundu uwu wa utoto umapangidwa ndi sodium sulfite kapena sodium bisulfite mankhwala amtundu wa sulfide, utoto uli ndi magulu osungunuka m'madzi, sungunuka m'madzi, koma utotowo ulibe zochepetsera, palibe mgwirizano. ulusi, nthawi zambiri amatengera kuyimitsidwa pad dyeing njira ntchito pa nsalu.

3, utoto wa sulfide

Njira yayikulu yamapangidwe a utoto ndi: D-SNa, yomwe ili ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zochepetsera, utotowo umachepetsedwa kukhala sungunuka leptochroma.

Chaka cha 1936 chisanafike, utoto wonyezimirawo unali waufa ngati mmene ankachitira malonda. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito, utoto wonyezimira wa ufawo udatenthedwa kuti uwiritse ndi vulcanized, soda phulusa lamadzi lamadzi kuti usungunuke. Mu 1936, John Le Clester wa ku United States adapanga utoto wa sulfide wokhazikika womwe usanachepetse, ndipo adapeza patent, yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti liquid sulfide dye.

4, utoto wokonda zachilengedwe wa sulfide

Popanga, amayengedwa kukhala utoto wonyezimira, koma zomwe zili ndi sulfure ndi polysulfide ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa utoto wamba wa sulfide. Utoto uli ndi chiyero chapamwamba, digirii yochepetsera yokhazikika komanso kupenya bwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo, binary kuchepetsa wothandizila shuga ndi inshuwalansi ufa ntchito mu kusamba utoto, amene osati kuchepetsa sulfide utoto komanso amathandiza kuteteza chilengedwe.

Chachinayi, ntchito yopaka utoto wa sulfide

Njira yopaka utoto ya vulcanization ingagawidwe m'njira zinayi izi:

1. Kuchepetsa utoto

Ndikosavuta kuchepetsa ndi kusungunula utoto wa sulfide, ndipo sodium sulfide imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chochepetsera, chomwe chimagwiranso ntchito ngati alkali agent. Pofuna kupewa leucophore kukhala hydrolyzed, zinthu monga soda phulusa akhoza kuwonjezeredwa moyenera, koma kuchepetsa kusamba zamchere sangakhale wamphamvu kwambiri, apo ayi mlingo kuchepetsa utoto adzakhala pang'onopang'ono.

2, utoto munjira ya utoto umakongoletsedwa ndi ulusi

Leucophore wa utoto wa sulfide umapezeka mumtundu wa anion mu njira ya utoto, uli ndi katundu wachindunji ku ulusi wa cellulose, ukhoza kutsatiridwa pamwamba pa ulusi ndikufalikira mkati mwa ulusi. Katundu wachindunji wa utoto wa sulfure ku ulusi wa cellulose ndi wochepa, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kagawo kakang'ono kakusamba, pomwe kuwonjezera ma electrolyte oyenerera, pakutentha kwambiri kumatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa utoto, kusanja ndi kutulutsa.

3, makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala

Pambuyo popaka utoto, sulfur dye leuco iyenera kukhala ndi okosijeni kuti iwonetse mtundu womwe ukufunidwa. Oxidation ndi gawo lofunikira pambuyo popaka utoto wonyezimira. Utoto wosungunula mosavuta wothira okosijeni ukhoza kukhala okosijeni ndi mpweya pambuyo popaka utoto ndi kuchapa ndi mpweya wabwino, ndiko kuti, njira yotulutsa mpweya; Kwa utoto wina wa sulfide womwe suli wosavuta kutulutsa, ma oxidizing agents amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa okosijeni.

4. Pambuyo pokonza

Pambuyo pa chithandizo kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa, kuthira mafuta, anti-embrittlement ndi kukonza mtundu. Utoto wa sulfure uyenera kutsukidwa pambuyo popaka utoto kuti uchepetse sulfure yotsalira pansalu ndikuletsa brittleness ya nsalu, chifukwa sulfure mu utoto ndi sulfure mu alkali sulfide ndizosavuta kutulutsa mumlengalenga kupanga sulfuric acid, yomwe imayambitsa asidi. hydrolysis ya cellulose CHIKWANGWANI ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya CHIKWANGWANI brittleness. Choncho, akhoza kuthandizidwa ndi anti-brittleness loss agents, monga: urea, trisodium phosphate, fupa guluu, sodium acetate, ndi zina zotero. Pali njira ziwiri za mtundu kukonza mankhwala: zitsulo mchere mankhwala (monga: potaziyamu dichromate, mkuwa sulphate, mkuwa acetate ndi osakaniza mchere) ndi cationic mtundu kukonza wothandizira.

wakuda ndi vulcanized blue ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Chachiwiri, njira yodayira utoto wa sulfide

Utoto wa sulfide umachepetsedwa ndikusungunuka kukhala njira ya utoto, ndipo utoto wa leucochroma womwe umapangidwa umapangidwa ndi ulusi wa cellulose ndikuthandizidwa ndi okosijeni wa mpweya kuti ulusi wa cellulose uwonetse mtundu womwe ukufunidwa. Ake chemical reaction chilinganizo ndi

DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3

Kholo la utoto wa sulfide liribe mgwirizano wa ulusi, ndipo kapangidwe kake kali ndi zomangira za sulfure (1 S 1), zomangira za disulfide (1 s - S) kapena zomangira za polysulfide (1 Sx 1), zomwe zimachepetsedwa kukhala gulu la hydrogen sulfide (1). SNa) pansi pa zochita za sodium sulfide kuchepetsa wothandizila, ndi kukhala leucochromic sodium mchere sungunuka m'madzi. Chifukwa chomwe ma leucochromes amalumikizana bwino ndi ulusi wa cellulose ndikuti mamolekyu a utoto amakhala okulirapo, omwenso amapanga mphamvu zazikulu za van der Waals ndi mphamvu zomangira haidrojeni pakati pa ulusiwo.

Iii. Gulu la utoto wa sulfure

Utoto wa sulfide ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi:

1, utoto wa sulfide

Utoto dongosolo General chilinganizo: DSSD, zambiri ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito sodium sulfide otentha, kusungunuka pambuyo ntchito.

2, utoto wa hydrolytic sulfide

D-SSO3Na, mtundu uwu wa utoto umapangidwa ndi sodium sulfite kapena sodium bisulfite mankhwala amtundu wa sulfide, utoto uli ndi magulu osungunuka m'madzi, sungunuka m'madzi, koma utotowo ulibe zochepetsera, palibe mgwirizano. ulusi, nthawi zambiri amatengera kuyimitsidwa pad dyeing njira yopaka pa nsalu.3, madzi sulfide utoto

Njira yayikulu yamapangidwe a utoto ndi: D-SNa, yomwe ili ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zochepetsera, utotowo umachepetsedwa kukhala sungunuka leptochroma.

Chaka cha 1936 chisanafike, utoto wonyezimirawo unali waufa ngati mmene ankachitira malonda. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito, utoto wonyezimira wa ufawo udatenthedwa kuti uwiritse ndi vulcanized, soda phulusa lamadzi lamadzi kuti usungunuke. Mu 1936, John Le Clester wa ku United States adapanga utoto wa sulfide wokhazikika womwe usanachepetse, ndipo adapeza patent, yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti liquid sulfide dye.

4, utoto wokonda zachilengedwe wa sulfide

Popanga, amayengedwa kukhala utoto wonyezimira, koma zomwe zili ndi sulfure ndi polysulfide ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa utoto wamba wa sulfide. Utoto uli ndi chiyero chapamwamba, digirii yochepetsera yokhazikika komanso kupenya bwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo, binary kuchepetsa wothandizila shuga ndi inshuwalansi ufa ntchito mu kusamba utoto, amene osati kuchepetsa sulfide utoto komanso amathandiza kuteteza chilengedwe.

Chachinayi, ntchito yopaka utoto wa sulfide

Njira yopaka utoto ya vulcanization ingagawidwe m'njira zinayi izi:

1. Kuchepetsa utoto

Ndikosavuta kuchepetsa ndi kusungunula utoto wa sulfide, ndipo sodium sulfide imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chochepetsera, chomwe chimagwiranso ntchito ngati alkali agent. Pofuna kupewa leucophore kukhala hydrolyzed, zinthu monga soda phulusa akhoza kuwonjezeredwa moyenera, koma kuchepetsa kusamba zamchere sangakhale wamphamvu kwambiri, apo ayi mlingo kuchepetsa utoto adzakhala pang'onopang'ono.

2, utoto munjira ya utoto umakongoletsedwa ndi ulusi

Leucophore wa utoto wa sulfide umapezeka mumtundu wa anion mu njira ya utoto, uli ndi katundu wachindunji ku ulusi wa cellulose, ukhoza kutsatiridwa pamwamba pa ulusi ndikufalikira mkati mwa ulusi. Katundu wachindunji wa utoto wa sulfure ku ulusi wa cellulose ndi wochepa, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kagawo kakang'ono kakusamba, pomwe kuwonjezera ma electrolyte oyenerera, pakutentha kwambiri kumatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa utoto, kusanja ndi kutulutsa.

3, makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala

Pambuyo popaka utoto, sulfur dye leuco iyenera kukhala ndi okosijeni kuti iwonetse mtundu womwe ukufunidwa. Oxidation ndi gawo lofunikira pambuyo popaka utoto wonyezimira. Utoto wosungunula mosavuta wothira okosijeni ukhoza kukhala okosijeni ndi mpweya pambuyo popaka utoto ndi kuchapa ndi mpweya wabwino, ndiko kuti, njira yotulutsa mpweya; Kwa utoto wina wa sulfide womwe suli wosavuta kutulutsa, ma oxidizing agents amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa okosijeni.

4. Pambuyo pokonza

Pambuyo pa chithandizo kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa, kuthira mafuta, anti-embrittlement ndi kukonza mtundu. Utoto wa sulfure uyenera kutsukidwa pambuyo popaka utoto kuti uchepetse sulfure yotsalira pansalu ndikuletsa brittleness ya nsalu, chifukwa sulfure mu utoto ndi sulfure mu alkali sulfide ndizosavuta kutulutsa mumlengalenga kupanga sulfuric acid, yomwe imayambitsa asidi. hydrolysis ya cellulose CHIKWANGWANI ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya CHIKWANGWANI brittleness. Choncho, akhoza kuthandizidwa ndi anti-brittleness loss agents, monga: urea, trisodium phosphate, fupa guluu, sodium acetate, ndi zina zotero. Pali njira ziwiri za mtundu kukonza mankhwala: zitsulo mchere mankhwala (monga: potaziyamu dichromate, mkuwa sulphate, mkuwa acetate ndi osakaniza mchere) ndi cationic mtundu kukonza wothandizira.